http://bse.nchu.edu.tw/toppage2.htm
http://www.orchidsusa.com/1Introduction.htm
美國Venamy蘭園的栽培手冊
中興大學 生物系統工程研究室 陳加忠
數年前到日本九州鹿兒島參觀台灣販售至該地蘭園的文心蘭切花與盆花大苗。日本蘭園對台灣蘭花產品的意見如下：台灣與國外蘭園的接力生產，並沒有提供資訊給予下游生產者。到其他國家拜訪，購買台灣蘭苗的外國客戶也常提出相同的問題。台灣蘭花生產外銷者共同的問題在於能否提供栽培技術給予下游的接力生產者。而最基本的資料就是提供一份栽培技術手冊。
栽培技術不同於栽培經驗。栽培經驗往往只適用於特定的生產地區、特定的蘭花品系。栽培技術是可適用於不同生產地區的實用技術。一本栽培技術手冊對於蘭花產品的行銷有極大的幫助。
在全世界的蘭花產業，許多蘭園或蘭花公司都已建立網站，其網站內也多有提供栽培經驗。然而相關的栽培技術內容大多是大同小異。只提供一些基本知識，栽培者依此知識不見得可以得到漂亮的蘭花，但是至少不會將蘭花種植至全部滅絕不存。相關的栽培技術手冊，Anthura公司則在其網站次目錄Publication部份已提供蝴蝶蘭盆花與切花栽培的栽培手冊。美國紐約Brewster區Venamy蘭園已在其網站內公佈一份系統化的栽培手冊。進入其網站www.orchidsusa.com，在左邊的選單選取”Comprehensive Culture Guide”即可看到全部內容。網站內此Culture Guide也以pdf檔貯存。
由此Culture Guide的內容可以看到此蘭園的用心，以下的內容為其第1至第9部分的綱要。，第9部分內容則完全介紹，留予讀者評估此蘭園的技術水準。
內容綱要
第1部分：蘭花介紹
1. 蘭花家族
2. 如何判別一株蘭花
3. 蘭花花朵結構
4. 蘭花在大自然如何生長
5. 蘭花簡史
6. 蘭花分類
7. 蘭花繁殖方法
第2部分：蘭花盆栽方法
1. 蘭花生長型態
2. 蘭花的根
3. 蘭花栽培容器
4. 盆栽介質
5. Venamy蘭園使用的介質
6. 蘭花換盆法
7. 單莖型蘭花盆栽法
8. 複莖型蘭花盆栽法
9. 換盆後照顧法
第3部分：蘭花栽培的光量
1. 如何量測與表達光量
2. 關於光量的誤解
3. 光如何擴散
4. 如何量測光量
5. 對蘭花的低光量、中光量與高光量是多少
6. 在自家栽培蘭花要放置在何處
7. 光對蘭花的影響
8. 直射陽光的光量
9. 在人工光下栽培
第4部分：蘭花栽培的溫度
第5部分：蘭花栽培的溼度
1. 濕度要多少
2. 在植物周圍增加溼度
第6部分：蘭花施肥
1. 施肥介紹
2. 肥料成分
3. 有機肥與無機肥
4. 應該使用哪種肥料
5. 是否終年使用相同份量的肥料
6. 維他命、荷爾蒙與其他添加物
7. 以1加侖水配置肥料的技術
第7部分：蘭花給水
1. 水質
2. 多久給水一次
3. 何時給水，如何給水
4. pH對肥份吸收的影響
5. 水中的pH質如何調整
6. 給水的最後叮嚀
第8部分：蟲害與病害
1. 預防是最好的分法
2. 蟲害對蘭花的影響
3. 以殺蟲劑對付昆蟲
4. 確定殺蟲處理的有效性
5. 病害
第9部分：栽培常見的問題
A. 大多數蘭花的共通問題
a. 葉片
1. 葉片暗綠，外型健康，但是植株不開花
可能是光量不足，檢查光照程度，增加光量。
2. 葉片沒有光澤，最後枯萎
植物水分吸收不足，檢查根系。根系如果生長繁茂，外型健康結實，表示植株水分不足。如果根系不健康，則儘快移盆。
3. 葉片逐漸黃化
光量太大或是氮肥不夠
4. 葉片出現清晰水狀斑點
通常是細菌感染，重新換盆，以殺菌劑處理。
5. 上位葉或陽光下的葉片彎曲白化
日燒、光量太強。
6. 新葉凹陷
由於水溫太低或氣溫太低造成組織崩解。
7. 葉尖變黑、褐化，根系枯萎
肥料過多產生塩害，檢查肥料配方，每月至少淋洗一次。在植株過度乾燥時，給水而不可同時給肥。
8. 葉片轉黃，變成棕色而死亡
真菌傷害，給水過多，介質過度潮濕且崩解，相對溼度過高，溫度過低。處理方式為使用殺菌劑，切下死亡或棕色葉部，重新移植。根系要完全乾燥後再給水。
9. 葉片出現黑色條紋
病毒引起。
b. 新長的葉片
1. 成長快速但軟化
氮肥太多。
2. 新葉面積小，生長受阻礙，或是無法向上生長
植物受到應力：根系衰弱，光量不足，溫度太高，缺氮等。
c. 花苞、花朵與花梗
1. 花苞變黃而後掉落
溫度太高，光量過高或過低，相對濕度太低，給水量不適合，微量元素缺乏，根系衰弱等。
2. 花苞無法完全開放
遺傳特性，溫度太低，相對濕度太低，薊馬傷害。
3. 花朵太小，顏色不如以往鮮豔
光量不足或是溫度太高。
4. 花朵快速萎凋
溫度太高或太低，曝曬在直射陽光下，相對濕度太低，肥料或微量元素不足，給水不適當，根系發育不良。
5. 花朵數目太少
植株衰弱，光量太低，缺乏磷肥（P）。
6. 花朵上出現棕色斑點或馬賽克形狀
病毒引起。
7. 花朵排序不良
抽梗階段改變花盆擺設角度。
d. 根部
1. 根部變黑或變棕色
根系破損，被根腐菌傷害，應該清除受損的根系。
2. 根突有咬痕或失去根突
被蟲類咬食。
3. 根突死亡
塩分累積，來自水質不良，施肥太多，淋洗次數不夠等。
4. 根部變形
缺乏氯元素
5. 根系發育不良
微量元素不足
B. 蝴蝶蘭的栽培問題
a. 葉片
1. 新葉的發育小於原來的舊葉片
植株處於應力，包括根系發育不良，光量不足，溫度過高等。應檢查栽培環境，必要時換盆。
2. 葉片產生皺紋
水分不足。
3. 葉片軟弱，逐漸彎曲起皺紋
植物水分吸收不足，可能是根系不良或是給水不足。
4. 葉片暗紅色
通常出現於葉背，原因有光量太強，N肥不足或P肥不足。
5. 新葉變成紅色
真菌傷害。
6. 底葉轉成暗紅色或失去顏色
通常換盆時發生，尤其相對濕度太高或是光量太強。
7. 新葉不長或是生長受到限制
N或P缺乏。
8. 落葉
新葉形成時老葉老化，或是其他應力，包括：溫度、溼度不良、給水不足、缺P肥或是真菌傷害。
b. 花苞、花梗、花朵
1. 花梗彎曲，失去顏色
病毒引起。
2. 花梗成波浪狀
少數品種的遺傳特性，或是光量不足。
3. 花梗太短
光量過強。
4. 花梗頂端轉成棕色
澆水的水溫太低，組織崩解。
5. 花梗長出葉片
由於高溫，光量不足，介質崩解，植株健康不良。
6. 花梗瘦小
缺P，光量太低。
7. 花朵腐敗或有水漬斑點
花瓣上有水滴引起真菌，空氣的濕度或水氣太高。
C. 嘉德麗亞蘭的栽培問題
a. 葉部
1. 生長後成為棕色，然後死亡
可能由於真菌傷害，水分太多，介質崩解，高濕低溫環境。
2. 新葉不生長或生長受阻
N肥或P肥不足，生長芽點受傷或腐爛。
b. 花鞘、花苞與花朵
1. 花鞘乾枯
植株在未發育成熟即開花。有些品種特性本是如此，在花鞘乾枯後再開花。
2. 花鞘或花苞轉成紅棕色或水浸狀
水滴停於花鞘或花苞造成腐敗。
D. 虎頭蘭的栽培問題
a. 新葉
1. 新葉成長面積比老葉小，生長阻礙，葉片無法向上生長。植株受到應力，根系衰弱，光量不足，溫度過高，N肥不足等。
2. 葉片變黃而死亡
水分不足。
3. 葉片成長而長成紅棕色，然後死亡
真菌影響，水分太多，介質崩解，溼度太高。
b. 花鞘、花苞、花朵
1. 花鞘或花苞變成紅棕色或水漬狀
水滴留於花鞘造成腐敗。
2. 花苞乾涸或掉落
日溫或夜溫太高：花苞發展階段日溫不得超過18.3℃，夜溫維持於10－15.6℃。
3. 花朵變黃與掉落
溫度過高，光量太強或不足，空氣太乾，給水不良，微量元素不足或太多。
E. 文心蘭屬的栽培問題
a. 葉片
1.新葉的發育小於原來的舊葉片
植株處於應力，包括根系發育不良，光量不足，溫度過高等。應檢查栽培環境，必要時換盆。
2. 葉片黃化，轉成棕色而死亡
真菌感染，水分過多，介質崩解，溼度過高同時溫度太低。
3. 新葉不生長或生長受阻
N肥或P肥不足，生長頂芽損傷或腐壞。
b. 花莖、花苞、花朵
1. 花莖乾涸不再成長
可能是昆蟲損害，植物吸水不足，溫度範圍不適合。
2. 花莖變成紅棕色、水漬狀
水分停留於花莖，花莖腐爛。
F. 拖鞋蘭
a. 新葉
1. 新葉的發育小於原來的舊葉片
植株處於應力，包括根系發育不良，光量不足，溫度過高等。應檢查栽培環境，必要時換盆。
2. 植物莖軸太高
光量不足。
3. 葉尖紅棕色或產生斑點
水分不足，原因是給水不足或根部腐爛。
4. 葉片轉變成黃色，再成棕色而死亡
可能是真菌影響，水分過多，介質腐壞，溼度過高而且溫度太低。
5. 葉片有水漬斑點，轉為紅棕、黑色或灰色，有時邊緣成黃色
通常為細菌感染，施以殺菌劑並維持數週的乾燥。
6. 白色斑點或不規則暗色斑紋
細菌感染。
7. 新葉不成長或停止生長
N肥或P肥不足，生長芽點受傷或腐爛。
後記：
Venamy蘭園的顧客是蘭花的喜好者，顧客的蘭花栽培環境可能是窗台、客廳或是自家後院的簡易溫室。Venamy蘭園為其顧客在其網站提供此份栽培手冊。
Anthura公司的Culture Guide，對象是購買其2吋苗的蘭園栽培者，其顧客與Venamy蘭園並不相同。但是都是為下游顧客各自準備一本栽培手冊。
台灣蘭苗外銷國外。除了蘭苗有否附帶一份栽培手冊，告訴對方如何以接力方式栽培台灣的蘭苗？
http://www.orchidsusa.com/1Introduction.htm
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In the plant family flowering plants form a group called Angiosperms. In this group there are lineages:
• Amborellaceae: includes just one shrub that, according to the National Geographic (July 2002) “may be the closest living relative to the first flowering plant”.
• Nymphaeaceae which includes the water lilies.
• Illiciaceae which includes the star anises.
• Magnoliids, which of course includes Magnolias, avocado and black pepper,
• Monocots which with 65,000 species (1/4 of all flowering plants), are recognizable because they have just one seed leaf (single cotyledon). This group includes all grasses (corn, rice, wheat,...), palm trees (which are giant herbs) and flowers such as lilies and orchids. Orchids by themselves account for nearly 25,000 species.
• And, finally, Eudicots (formerly dicots because of their two seed leaves), the largest group of angiosperms with 170,000 species, many of which are woody plants.
Most of this information is from the above mentioned National Geographic issue.
What distinguishes orchids from other flowering plants is the combination of three elements:
• their pollen (called “pollinarium”, plural = pollina) which is formed into a mass (usually 2 masses),
• stamens and pistils are joined together in a structure called a “column”,
• their seeds are very small (there may be up to 3 million in a seed capsule), they do not contain endosperm and have no organized embryo.
Orchid flowers consist of:
• the pedicel (the stem of the flower which includes the ovary),
• the sepals,
• the petals,
• the column.
Sepals and petals are in threes.
The three sepals consist of the dorsal sepal and two lateral sepals.
The three petals consist of two petals and a modified one called the labellum, or more commonly, the lip.
Besides these morphological differences most orchids differ from other plants by the way they grow in nature.
Most orchids are epiphytes, that is they grow attached on other plants (usually trees). They are not parasites, that is they do not take anything away from the plant they grow on, they merely use the other plant (tree) for support.
Some orchids are lithophytes, that is they grow on rocks.
Some other some are semiterrestrial, that is they grow on the ground, on decomposing plant material (not quite soil).
And finally, a small number of orchids are true terrestrial, meaning they grow in soil like most plants.
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, grew orchids in the fifth century BC and wrote a poem about them.
Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher and scientist, mentions orchids in his “Essay on Plants” published around 300 BC
Dioscorides, a Greek botanist, physician and pharmacologist mentioned orchids in his work “De Materia Medica” ( “Of Medical Maters”) published around 60 AD This work remained a reference manual till the Middle Age (1,400 - 1,500 AD).
Orchids, in those times, were believed to have medicinal properties, one of them being an aphrodisiac.
And about 2,000 years ago Greeks gave orchids the name “orkhis” which means testicle, because of the form of their pseudobulbs (pseudo = Greek for “false”).
In more recent times, the first record of orchids in cultivation dates back to 1731 in England. Philip Miller mentioned several orchids in his second edition of “Dictionary of Gardening” (1768).
Records of the Kew Royal Botanical Gardens show that Epidendrum cochleatum flowered for the first time in cultivation in 1787. Ten years later 15 orchid species were cultivated at Kew.
Cultivation of orchids started in earnest in the 19th century. At that time orchids were brought to Europe by companies or individuals who financed collecting expeditions. They commissioned professional collectors who traveled for months all over the world in search of showy new species. Like treasure hunters these expensive enterprises were often shrouded in secrecy and it was not unusual for them to spread misleading information about the locations where new orchids were found.
New exotic orchids were most often sold at Protheros & Morris & Stevens Sales Rooms in London, fetching extravagant prices.
At that time very little was known about the cultivation of orchids and their survival rate was dismal.
Through experimentation and by gathering more information on the growing conditions of orchids in their natural habitat, knowledge was slowly being developed and by 1851 B. S. Williams published the first edition of “The Orchid Grower’s Manual”.
By the end of the 19th century there was enough experience and knowledge about the growing conditions of orchids that many orchids survived and bloomed in England’s greenhouses.
Today there is a wealth of knowledge about growing orchids and modern propagation methods have driven prices to affordable levels. Affordable prices, the fascination exercised by their captivating beauty and their diversity has made them increasingly popular houseplants.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.) and the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (I.C.N.C.P.) govern the naming of orchids.
The I.C.B.N. has standardized classification of plants and imposed the following endings:
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• family
• tribe
• subtribe
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: aceae.
: eae.
: inae.
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Example: Orchidaceae
Example: Vandeae.
Example: Sarcanthinae. |
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Below the subtribe are the genera (singular = genus). Examples: Cattleya, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, ...
Note: all of the above have their first letter capitalized.
Within the genera are the names identifying individual plants. Example: Phalaenopsis amabilis or Phalaenopsis Ever Spring.
Names of species are not capitalized: Phalaenopsis amabilis designates a species,
i.e. a naturally occurring plant. Names of hybrids (man made crosses) are always capitalized as in Phalaenopsis Ever Spring.
Finally, within a group of individual plants they may be variations which, for example, may be noted Phalaenopsis amabilis var. formosana.
Variety is often abbreviated as “var.” and is usually reserved for species. For hybrids, varieties will be identified by adding to the name one or several words placed in single quotes as in Phalaenopsis Ever Spring ‘Light’.
All new plants (species and hybrids) are registered with the Royal Horticultural Society of London.
The name of orchids is decided by the discover for new species or by the first person who registers a new hybrid.
Until a new hybrid is registered it will be identified by the name of it’s parents, separated by an X. For example: Phalaenopsis amabilis x Phalaenopsis violacea or Phalaenopsis (amabilis x violacea) or Phalaenopsis amabilis x violacea or, in abbreviated form, Phal. amabilis x violacea.
There are several ways to propagate orchids.
Propagation from seed or sexual propagation
Pollen is used to pollinate a flower. When the seed pod matures (which may take several months), the tiny seeds can be sowed.
Not all seed pods will contain seeds as one or the other parent may be sterile.
The encapsulated seeds are in a sterile environment as long as the seed pod is closed. It will eventually crack open at a certain time, in which case the tiny seeds will have to be decontaminated before sowing them.
Most people prefer to work with a “green pod”. That is a seed pod that has matured but is collected before it starts to open.
The seed pot is externally disinfected to kill any germs, spores, contaminants, ... that may be on it’s surface then it is cut open with a disinfected tool (scalpel,...).
Then the seed masses are sown into a flask which contains a nutrient solution (the flask and its contents were previously sterilized in an autoclave). This flask is called a “mother flask”.
This whole operation has to be performed in a sterile environment. Commercial growers will use an apparatus called a laminar flow hood (see page 36 of An Introduction to Orchids South Florida Orchid Society
The nutrients solutions contain minerals, sugars, charcoal, sometimes banana extracts or coconut milk, ... Agar (a substance like gelatin) is added to make the solution more or less solid.
The flask is sealed, marked / labeled and placed in a growth chamber / room where light is relatively limited and temperatures are relatively constant.
After several weeks to several months the tiny seeds will germinate. When they have they will have to be transferred to several other flasks in an operation called “replating”. This is necessary because the mother flask may contain from several hundred to several thousand seeds which now need room to grow.
The replated flask may still contain a hundred to several hundred plantlets, which is way too many plants for the limited space of the flask.
Again after several months the plantlets will be replated and they may need a third replate (some growers replate 4 times !) until they are in their final flask which may contain from 10 to 40 plantlets.
As for the mother flasks, all the replate flasks contain growing media which is different from the germination media. The new replating flasks with their nutrients where sterilized in an autoclave and the flasks to be replated where externally decontaminated. The replating operations are done in the sterile environment of a laminar flow hood.
Plants resulting from sexual propagation may look like the mother plant or like the father or a combination of both or they may have characteristics of ancestors. In other words they may display very diverse traits.
Among these siblings one or several may be significantly more appealing or different than the others. Whoever possess this plant may recognize its uniqueness by adding a variety name to its name. The variety name is placed in single quotes as in Phal. Ever Spring ‘Light’ or Phal. Ever Spring ‘Cardinal’ or whatever the owner fancies to name the variety. Only that plant and it’s tissue or stem propagated progeny are entitled to bear the variety name.
Tissue culture
As its name suggest tissue culture is done by using plant tissue, mostly the minuscule center of a new growth. A lot of experiments have been made trying to do tissue culture out of leafs, roots,... but so far the most successful method uses tissue from a new growth.
The tissue is excised (cut), its outer layers are removed till the active center of developing cells, the meristem, is reached. Then this tiny mass of cells (it can be less than 1 millimeter in diameter) is cut into 20 or so parts, immersed into a flask with growing solution without agar, so the solution stays liquid. This media for this solution is usually called “multiplication” formula.
The flasks or tubes are placed on an agitator (an apparatus than either slowly rotates or tilts to the left then to the right. The constant movement of the agitator allows the lumps of cells to develop and increase in mass but prevents them from forming roots or leaves.
Once the lumps have sufficiently increased in size they are further cut into small lumps, placed into flasks or tubes and on the agitator. In this process the original 20 tiny masses may now be 400. At the next subdivision we may have 8,000.
This process continues until the desired number of lumps has been achieved.
Then the developed lumps are replated into flasks as is done for germinated seeds. From there on the process is the same as for seeds.
As in seed propagation all these operations require external disinfecting, and working in sterile conditions.
Plants developed from tissue culture, are called mericlones. They usually are very close in appearance (plant and flowers) to the plant from which the original tissue was taken and they are entitled to be recognized by the same variety name as the plant from which the original tissue was excised. So when you see a plant with a name like Cattleya Irene Finney “Z” it means this plant was propagated through tissue culture, using tissue from Cattleya Irene Finney ‘Z’.
Stem propagation.
In this technique a flower stem is used for propagation. If we propagated Phalaenopsis in this manner we would be looking for a flower stem with just the first flower open or with up to half the flowers open.
Flower buds nearer the base of the flower stem open first. Below them there will be a number of undeveloped buds, which we usually refer to as “nodes”.
The flower stem is removed from the plant and is externally decontaminated.
The stem is cut about 1 inch above and below the node, then dipped in decontamination solution for 15 to 20 minutes.
Then the protective sheath over the node is removed and about 1/8 of an inch is further removed from both ends of the stem (above and below the node).
The cutting is inserted in the media solution which is in a tube or jar or flask which was previously sterilized through autoclaving.
If the operation is successful we may get up to 4 plantlets per node.
Obviously this technique only produces a few plants from a flower stem of the original plant. We may get 10 to 15 stem propagated plants as opposed to the thousands we may get through tissue culture.
Because of the limited yield and the labor intensive procedure stem propagated plants tend to be much more expensive than plants propagated through seed or tissue culture.
On the other hand, unless some abhorrent mutation occurs, these plants will be exactly like the plant they were propagated from.
These plants too are entitled to be recognized by the same variety name as the original plant from which the original tissue was excised.
As with seed propagation and tissue culture all these operations must be conducted in a sterile environment.
Internode propagation
This technique is similar to the stem propagation but instead of using a flower stem as the start up point we use a growth. It is often used with Dendrobiums.
A growth is removed from the plant and is cut in between nodes. The edges are dipped in a fungicide and then either inserted or laid on sphagnum moss kept moist.
If the operation is successful we may get 1plantlet per node, but usually much less than that as many nodes will not develop a plantlet.
Still the technique does not require any sophisticated equipment, is inexpensive and can be done practically by anyone.
These plants too are entitled to be recognized by the same variety name as the original plant from which the growth was removed.
Divisions & back bulbs
Some orchids grow by developing new growth from the base of the plant. After several years they may have 5, 6, 10 or more growths. We may subdivide such plants to get two or three out of the original one.
Often the older growth or old pseudobulbs of these plants do not do anything but if we remove them and plant them separately they will generate new growth.
Again as for the previous methods where plants were propagated by using tissue, or the fower tem, plants resulting from divisions and backbulbs are also entitled to be recognized by the same variety name as the original plant from which the growth or back bulbs were removed. The resulting plants will be identical to the plant we divided or from which we removed the pseudobulb(s).
Keikis
Some orchids, mostly Dendrobiums, are notorious for producing keikis which is the Hawaiian word for “babies”.
Occasionally Phalaenopsis will also produce keikis. Some, usually species, do it because it is programmed into their genes, others do it when they are exposed to high temperatures while they are developing a flower stem.
Keikis will develop leaves first. Eventu
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